Strong-billed Woodcreeper © wikiaves.com.br

Sometimes considered to form a superspecies with White-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis). Subspecies usually divided into three groups, treated as separate species by some authors: "emigrans group" (Central America), "promeropirhynchus group" (mountains of western and northern South America), and "orenocensis group" (primarily Amazonian lowlands). Populations in mountains of northern South America may be closer to those in Amazonian lowlands than to those in Peruvian and Bolivian Andes. Affinities of subspecies crassirostris problematic, possibly allied with "orenocensis group" but occurring west of Andes. Assessment of geographical variation complicated by marked individual variation within taxa in almost all geographically variable characters. Subspecies ignotus sometimes merged with nominate; rostratus possibly a junior synonym of fortis; virgatus poorly defined, and intergrades with nominate on eastern slope of central Colombian Andes; and sanctaemartae very similar to procerus. Racial identity of birds in Guianan lowlands uncertain, tentatively placed with tenebrosus. Thorough taxonomic revision needed. If by nothing else, Central American, Andean and Amazonian populations united by vocalizations that are remarkably similar, given degree of morphological differentiation. Published records from northern Argentina apparently referable to misidentified Black-banded Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes picumnus).

The following 25 subspecies are recognised:

• omiltemensis Nelson, 1903   -  Subtropical zone in south-western Mexico (Sierra Madre del Sur, in central Guerrero).
• sclateri Ridgway, 1890   -  Eastern and south-eastern Mexico (south-eastern San Luis Potosí­, Hidalgo, western Veracruz, northern Oaxaca).
• emigrans Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1859   -  Mountains (rarely lowlands) from southern Mexico (Chiapas), northern Guatemala, western Belize and El Salvador east to north-central Nicaragua.
• costaricensis Ridgway, 1889   -  Highlands of central Costa Rica and south-western Panama (Chiriquí­).
• panamensis Griscom, 1927   -  Mountains on Pacific slope of southern Panama (Veraguas, possibly also Coclé).
• sanctaemartae Hellmayr, 1925   -  Northern Colombia (Santa Marta Mts).
• rostratus Todd, 1917   -  Northern Colombian lowlands in Córdoba and Bolí­var (Sinú Valley east to Serra­ní­a San Lucas and Magdalena Valley).
• fortis Heine, 1860   -  Range unknown, likely either northern Colombia or Venezuela (known only from unique type, no locality given).
• virgatus Ridgway, 1890   -  Upper tropical to temperate zones of western slope of central Colombian Andes, also on eastern slope (east to R Magdalena).
• promeropirhynchus (Lesson, 1840)   -  Subtropical and temperate zones in northern Colombia (western slope of eastern Andes east of R Magdalena) and western Venezuela (Perijá Mts, Trujillo, Mérida, Táchira).
• procerus Cabanis & Heine, 1860   -  Tropical and subtropical zones in mountains of northern and central Venezuela (western Zulia, northern Mérida and north-western Lara east to Sucre, south to northern Monagas and eastern Guárico).
• macarenae Blake, 1959   -  Macarena Mts and eastern foothills of central Colombian Andes (southern Meta, Caquetá).
• neblinae Phelps & Phelps Jr, 1955   -  Subtropical zone on Cerro de la Neblina, in southern Venezuela (southern Amazonas); possibly also adjacent northern Brazil.
• tenebrosus Zimmer, JT & Phelps, 1948   -  Upper tropical zone on tepuis of south-eastern Venezuela (Chimantá-tepui and Mt Roraima, in south-eastern Bolí­var) and adjacent Guyana (Acary Mts), probably also adjacent tepuis of northern Brazil. Also lowlands of the Guianas (except Surinam).
• ignotus Ridgway, 1890   -  Subtropical and temperate zones of Ecuadorian Andes.
• crassirostris Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885   -  Subtropical zone in Andean foothills in south-western Ecuador (western El Oro, Loja) and north-western Peru (Tumbes, Piura).
• compressirostris Taczanowski, 1882   -  Temperate zone of northern Peruvian Andes (Amazonas, Cajamarca, San Martí­n).
• phaeopygus von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896   -  Temperate zone of central Peruvian Andes (Juní­n).
• lineatocephalus (Gray, GR, 1847)   -  Subtropical and temperate zones of Andes from south-eastern Peru (Cuzco) south to north-western and central Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz).
• solivagus Bond, J, 1950   -  Upper tropical zone on eastern slope of eastern Peruvian Cordillera (Chanchamayo region, in Juní­n, probably also north to Huánuco).
• orenocensis von Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902   -  North-western Amazonian lowlands, north of Amazon, from central Colombia and southern Venezuela south to north-eastern Ecuador, north-eastern Peru and north-western Brazil (east to R Negro). Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Rusty-breasted Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes orenocensis).
• berlepschi Snethlage, E, 1908   -  Amazonian lowlands of western Brazil south of R Solimíµes (east to R Madeira); western limit of range unclear.
• paraensis Pinto, 1945   -  Central Amazonian Brazil, south of Amazon, from R Madeira east to R Xingu, south to northern Mato Grosso (Alta Floresta).
• carajaensis Cardoso da Silva, Novaes & Oren, 2002   -  South-eastern Amazonian Brazil, south of Amazon, from R Xingu east to R Tocantins and R Araguaia, in Pará.
• obsoletus Todd, 1917   -  Lowlands of northern and eastern Bolivia (La Paz east to Santa Cruz).

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