Northern Rough-winged Swallow © sdakotabirds.com

Vagrant to Aruba, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe (P), Netherlands Antilles, St Pierre and Miquelon (P), Virgin Islands (U.S.).

Formerly considered conspecific with Southern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis), and subspecies decolor of Southern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) has been regarded as intermediate between the two species, but they are separated altitudinally where ranges overlap in Costa Rica. Sometimes treated as monotypic; subspecies intergrade and borders between them (and degree of overlap) uncertain, also N-southern cline in coloration, and tendency for paler forms in south-western USA and north-western Mexico, also size increases north to southern and wing longer towards north-west; fulvipennis possibly not separable. Conversely, ridgwayi and stuarti sometimes regarded as constituting a separate species.

Proposed subspecies aphracta (western Great Basin region of USA), supposedly dark above and with greyer throat, considered undiagnosable.

The following 7 subspecies are recognised:

• serripennis (Audubon, 1838)   -  South-eastern Alaska, and from southern Canada (central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario east to south-western New Brunswick and south-western Nova Scotia) southern in USA to central California, northern Nevada, New Mexico, central Texas and south-western Florida. Winters mostly south-western Mexico and Florida south to central Panama.
• psammochroa Griscom, 1929   -  Southern California, southern Nevada, south-western Utah, south-western Arizona, southern New Mexico and southern Texas south to southern and north-eastern Mexico (south through northern coastal plains and possibly interior highlands to south-western Oaxaca and Tamaulipas), possibly also southern along coast to El Salvador. Winters central Mexico south to Panama.
• fulvipennis (Sclater, PL, 1860)   -  Central and southern Mexico (lowlands and middle elevations from central Veracruz, eastern Oaxaca and eastern Chiapas) south to Costa Rica.
• stuarti Brodkorb, 1942   -  Southern Mexican lowlands (southern from southern Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas) south to eastern Guatemala.
• ridgwayi Nelson, 1901   -  Northern Yucatán Peninsula (south to northern Campeche and central Quintana Roo). Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Yucatan Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi).
• burleighi Phillips, AR, 1986   -  Belize and Guatemala (southern Yucatán Peninsula).
• psammochrous Griscom, 1929   -  Southern California to Baja, southern Texas and southern Mexico (Oaxaca).

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