Habitat
Humid lowland forest, semi-deciduous and gallery forests, palm swamps, cerrado woodland, mature mangroves, clearings with scattered trees and plantations. From sea-level - 900 m, occasionally up to 2,400 m.
Buff-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus) [XC838011]
by Rafael D. Lima from Condom\u00ednio Mans\u00f5es do Araguaia - Nova Crix\u00e1s, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil (call)
Buff-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus) [XC478403]
by JAYRSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA from Setor Samambaia, mata seca, perto da UFG-Agronomia, Goi\u00e2nia-Goi\u00e1s, Brazil (call)
Subspecies
Xiphorhynchus guttatus (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into Cocoa Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus susurrans) and Buff-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus) following AOU (1998); Dusky-billed Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus eytoni) (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) is now lumped with Xiphorhynchus guttatus following SACC (2005), who also recognise Cocoa Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus susurrans).
Sister to Cocoa Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus susurrans), the two treated by most recent authors as conspecific, but recently split on grounds of differences in calls and body size. Geographical patterns in songs, however, more complex than previously realized, and size differences do not correspond to species limits as presently recognized. Molecular data suggest that nominate subspecies, as well as polystictus (and poorly differentiated connectens), may be more closely related to "nanus group" of Cocoa Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus susurrans) than to other subspecies of Buff-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus), rendering present species as currently recognized paraphyletic. The "eytoni group" (including vicinalis and poorly differentiated gracilirostris), traditionally recognized on basis of plumage, and sometimes considered a separate species, also distinct vocally. Molecular data suggest, however, that "eytoni group" and "guttatoides group" (including dorbignyanus) form a monophyletic clade, a hypothesis supported by fact that vicinalis is phenotypically and genetically intermediate between guttatoides and eytoni.
The following 8 subspecies are recognised:
polystictus (Salvin & Godman, 1883) - R Orinoco drainage in eastern Colombia (eastern Vichada), southern and eastern Venezuela (northern Amazonas, Bolívar and south-western Anzoátegui east to Delta Amacuro), extreme northern Brazil (Roraima), Guyana and Surinam; populations in French Guiana may instead represent connectens.
guttatoides (Lafresnaye, 1850) - Western Amazonia, both northern and south of Amazon, from south-eastern Colombia (southern from Meta and Guainía), southern Venezuela (western and southern Amazonas) and eastern Ecuador, south to eastern and south-eastern Peru, north-western Brazil (east to R Negro and R Madeira, south to northern Mato Grosso); birds in northern Bolivia show signs of intergradation with dorbignyanus. Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Lafresnaye's Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatoides).
connectens Todd, 1948 - North-eastern Amazonian Brazil, along northern bank of Amazon from east of Manaus east to Amapá.
vicinalis Todd, 1948 - Southern Amazonian Brazil, south of Amazon, from R Madeira east to R Tapajós (where possibly on both banks); specimens from sites north of Amazon likely either mislabeled or misidentified.
eytoni (Sclater, PL, 1854) - South-eastern Amazonian Brazil, south of Amazon, from R Tapajós east to western Maranhío. Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Dusky-billed Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus eytoni).
gracilirostris Pinto & Camargo, 1957 - Serra do Baturité, in Ceará (north-eastern Brazil).
dorbignyanus (Pucheran & Lafresnaye, 1850) - Central South America, south of Amazon Basin, from northern and eastern Bolivia (La Paz, Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) east to east-central Brazil (east to central Goiás).
guttatus (Lichtenstein, 1820) - Coastal eastern Brazil from Paraíba south to Espírito Santo, rarely to northern Rio de Janeiro.