Tropical Parula (Setophaga) [XC770008]
by Matthew L. Brady from Salta: Quebrada de la Horqueta 3, Argentina (song)
Tropical Parula (Setophaga pitiayumi) [XC259446]
by John V. Moore from Manab\u00ed: R\u00edo Ayampe, Ecuador (song)
Subspecies
A study of mitochondrial DNA has suggested that genus as currently constituted is not monophyletic, with present species and Northern Parula (Setophaga americana) closer to Dendroica, and Flame-throated Warbler (Oreothlypis gutturalis) and Crescent-chested Warbler (Oreothlypis superciliosa) closer to Vermivora. Forms a superspecies with Northern Parula (Setophaga americana) and sometimes regarded as conspecific, but the two differ in migratory behaviour and in some plumage characters. Isolated island subspecies graysoni sometimes considered a separate species. Some authors also consider that insularis may be a separate species.
The following 14 subspecies are recognised:
pulchra (Brewster, 1889) - Western Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Sonora and Chihuahua south to Oaxaca); northernmost breeding birds may move southern locally in winter.
nigrilora (Coues, 1878) - Extreme southern USA (lower Rio Grande, in extreme southern Texas) and eastern Mexico (Sierra Madre Oriental from Coahuila south to eastern San Luis Potosí.
insularis (Lawrence, 1871) - Tres Marí.
graysoni (Ridgway, 1887) - Socorro I and Revillagigedo Is, off western Mexico. Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Socorro Parula (Setophaga graysoni).
inornata (Baird, SF, 1864) - Southern Mexico (southern Veracruz and Chiapas) south through northern Guatemala to northern Honduras.
speciosa (Ridgway, 1902) - South-eastern Honduras south to western Panama.
cirrha (Wetmore, 1957) - Coiba I, off southern Panama.
nana (Griscom, 1927) - Eastern Panama (Darién area) and adjacent north-western Colombia.
elegans (Todd, 1912) - Andes of Colombia, northern Venezuela (including Margarita I), and Trinidad and Tobago.
roraimae (Chapman, 1929) - Southern Venezuela (tepuis region), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and adjacent northern Brazil.
pacifica (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884) - Pacific slope of Andes from south-western Colombia (Nariño) south to north-western Peru (Cajamarca).
alarum (Chapman, 1924) - Eastern Ecuador and northern Peru (west of Amazon Basin).
melanogenys (Todd, 1924) - Andes of central Peru (Juní.
pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817) - Central and eastern Brazil south to eastern Bolivia, northern and north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay.
BirdLife International Species Factsheet