Other Scientific Names
Pipilo fuscus [Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993)], Pipilo fuscus [Stotz et al. (1996)], Pipilo fuscus [BirdLife International (2004, 2008)]
Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca) [XC323284]
by Richard E. Webster from Portal, Arizona, United States (call, song)
Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca) [XC538121]
by Phoenix Birder from Walsenburg, Huerfano County, Colorado, United States (song, wing beats)
Subspecies
Formerly placed in genus Pipilo and sometimes in Melozone. Molecular analysis indicates that White-throated Towhee (Melozone albicollis) is a sister-taxon. Previously treated as conspecific with California Towhee (Melozone crissalis). Geographical variation rather weak, and largely clinal, with much intergradation.
Proposed subspecies aimophilum (described from Fort Davis, Texas) treated as a synonym of texanum.
The following 10 subspecies are recognised:
mesoleucum (Baird, SF, 1854) - Southern USA from Arizona east through New Mexico and western Texas, and northern Mexico south to northern Sonora (except north-western coast) south to 30° north and north-western Chihuahua south to 31° north.
mesata (Oberholser, 1937) - South-eastern Colorado, north-eastern New Mexico and north-western Oklahoma.
texana (van Rossem, 1934) - Western and central Texas south to northern Mexico (north-western Coahuila).
intermedia (Nelson, 1899) - Central and southern Sonora south to northern Sinaloa (El Fuerte and Yecorato).
jamesi (Townsend, CH, 1923) - Tiburón I, off central-western Sonora, Mexico.
perpallida (van Rossem, 1934) - West-central Mexico in Sierra Madre Occidental and eastern foothills (from Chihuahua south through Durango to Nayarit, northern Jalisco and south-western Zacatecas).
potosina (Ridgway, 1899) - Central Mexico from northern Coahuila, western Nuevo León and south-western Tamaulipas south to eastern Zacatecas, western and central San Luis Potosí, north-eastern Jalisco, Guanajuato and central and southern Querétaro.
fusca (Swainson, 1827) - Nayarit south to Colima, east through Jalisco and Michoacán, to Morelos, Mexico City, western Veracruz and north-central Guerrero.
campoi (Moore, RT, 1949) - Hidalgo, Puebla and western Veracruz, in eastern Mexico.
toroi (Moore, RT, 1942) - Tlaxcala east to western Veracruz, south to Puebla and northern Oaxaca.