Other Scientific Names
Pipilo crissalis [Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993)], Pipilo crissalis [Stotz et al. (1996)], Pipilo crissalis [BirdLife International (2004, 2008)], Pyrgisoma crissale
Other Names (World)
California Towhee, Brown Towhee, Inyo California Towhee (eremophilum)
California Towhee (Melozone crissalis) [XC711408]
by Ed Pandolfino from Marron Valley Rd, Dulzura, San Diego County, California, United States (song)
California Towhee (Melozone crissalis) [XC580363]
by Thomas G. Graves from Putah Creek Riparian Area, Davis, Yolo Cty, California, United States (call)
Subspecies
Formerly placed in genus Pipilo and sometimes in Melozone. Molecular analysis indicates that Abert's Towhee (Melozone aberti) is a sister-taxon. eviously treated as conspecific with Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca). Geographical variation slight, and to some extent clinal; in California, petulans intergrades with nominate in Santa Cruz County and nominate intergrades with senicula in interior and south-east, while specimens of carolae from central California show tendency towards senicula. Also, bullatum, carolae and eremophilum all similar to nominate and perhaps better subsumed in it. Further, bullatum possibly not valid, purported characters being possibly due to comparison of reddish "foxed" specimens with newer "unfoxed" ones, and, similarly, carolae doubtfully valid and difficult to characterize.
Proposed subspecies kernense (described from Kelso valley, in Kern County, in California) is treated as a synonym of carolae.
The following 8 subspecies are recognised:
bullatum (Vigors, 1839) - South-western Oregon south to extreme north-central California, in western USA.
petulans (Grinnell & Swarth, 1926) - Northern California in coastal zone from Humboldt County south to Marin County.
crissalis (Vigors, 1839) - Central coastal California from northern Monterey County east to western edge of San Joaquin Valley, south to western Kern County and Ventura County.
carolae (McGregor, 1899) - Interior California from Humboldt County south to Napa County and east to foothills of Cascades and Sierra Nevada, southern on eastern side of San Joaquin Valley to Kern County.
eremophila (van Rossem, 1935) - East-central California (Argus Mts. and north-western San Bernardino County).
senicula (Anthony, 1895) - Central coastal California (San Luis Obispo County), and San Joaquin Valley, south to extreme north-western Mexico (north-western Baja California).
aripolia (Oberholser, 1919) - Central Baja California from 28° 55' north, south to Guajademi (26° 35' north).
albigula (Baird, SF, 1860) - Southern Baja California south from c. 26° 35' south.