Argentina (B), Belize (B), Brazil (NB), Chile (B), Costa Rica (NB), Cuba (NB), Dominican Republic (B), Guatemala (E) (B), Haiti (B), Jamaica (NB), Mexico (B), Panama (B), Peru (B), Puerto Rico (NB), USA (B), Virgin Islands (U.S.) (NB).
Vagrant to Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bermuda (P).
Unknown to Colombia (B).
Population
Estimated population is 35,000 - 110,000 (2011) and decreasing.
Status NT
Habitat destruction and degradation due to pollution, drought, wildfires, groundwater removal, changing water levels, grazing, agricultural expansion are the main threats.
For more information see BirdLife International Species Factsheet.
Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) [XC771554]
by Cristian Pinto Fernandez from Arari, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil (call)
Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) [XC783437]
by GABRIEL LEITE from Desembocadura del rio Maipo, Chile (call, growl)
Subspecies
Laterallus jamaicensis (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) and Junin Rail (Laterallus tuerosi) following Fjeldså (1983), contra SACC (2005), pending the outcome of investigation into the taxonomy of this group by SACC.
Distinctive subspecies tuerosi sometimes treated as separate species.
The following 5 subspecies are recognised:
coturniculus (Ridgway, 1874) - California and Baja California.
jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1789) - Eastern USA and eastern Central America. Winters from southern USA to Guatemala and Greater Antilles.
murivagans (Riley, 1916) - Coastal Peru.
tuerosi Fjeldså, 1983 - L Junín, Peru. Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Junin Rail (Laterallus tuerosi).
salinasi (Philippi, 1857) - Central Chile and extreme western Argentina.