Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
South-eastern Colombia (southern from Meta and Vaupés), southern Venezuela (Amazonas, southern Bolívar), Surinam and French Guiana south to Amazonian Brazil (south to northern Rondônia and south-western Pará), eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and north-western Bolivia (Pando, extreme north-western La Paz).
 
Population
Estimated population is unknown (2010).
Rufous-tailed Xenops (Microxenops milleri) [XC436019]
by id from Reserva Natural Palmar\u00ed, Rio Javar\u00ed, AM, Brazil (song)
Rufous-tailed Xenops (Microxenops milleri) [XC412968]
by Phil Stouffer from Pe\u00f1as Rojas, laguna la Culebra, Solano, Caquet\u00e1., Colombia (song)
Subspecies
No subspecies.
Formerly placed in monotypic genus Microxenops. Differs from current congeners in lacking laterally compressed, wedge-shaped bill, black in tail and pale malar mark, also in leg colour, but shares with them a conspicuous wingband.