europaea Linnaeus, 1758 - Southern Scandinavia (including most islands in southern Baltic) and western Russia (east to Volga and Vyatka basins) south to eastern Poland, eastern Romania, eastern Bulgaria, north-western Turkey (northern Thrace) and Ukraine.
caesia Wolf, 1810 - Western Europe from Britain east to Denmark, Poland and western Belarus, south to northern Spain (Cantabrian Mts and Pyrenees), Alps, Balkans (except Dalmatian coast), Greece and western Turkey (Thrace and north-western Anatolia).
hispaniensis Witherby, 1913 - Portugal, central Spain and northern Morocco (Middle Atlas and central High Atlas).
cisalpina Sachtleben, 1919 - Switzerland (south of Alps), Italy, northern Sicily, coastal Croatia and south-western Montenegro.
levantina Hartert, 1905 - Southern Turkey (south-western Anatolia east to eastern Taurus).
persica Witherby, 1903 - Extreme south-eastern Turkey, northern Iraq (Kurdistan) and western Iran (Zagros Mts south to Fars province).
rubiginosa Tschusi & Zarudny, 1905 - South-eastern Transcaucasia (Talyshskiye Gory Mts and Lenkoran area) and northern Iran (Elburz and Caspian districts east to extreme north-western Khorasan).
caucasica Reichenow, 1901 - North-eastern Turkey, south-western Russia (in Caucasus south from basins of Terek and Kuban), Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
asiatica Gould, 1835 - Central Russia (western foothills of middle Urals east to central Siberia and western shore of L Baikal) south to northern and north-eastern Kazakhstan (south to Kokchetau and Tarbagatay Mts) and western Mongolian Altai.
arctica Buturlin, 1907 - North-eastern Siberia. Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Siberian Nuthatch (Sitta arctica).
baicalensis Taczanowski, 1882 - Eastern Siberia from western Yakutia (Vilyui valley) and L Baikal east to Sea of Okhotsk and northern Amurland, south to Transbaikalia, central Mongolia and north-eastern China (north-eastern Nei Mongol and north-western Heilongjiang).
albifrons Taczanowski, 1882 - North-eastern Russia (southern Koryak Highlands and Kamchatka Peninsula) and northern Kuril Is (Paramushir).
amurensis Swinhoe, 1871 - Russian Far East (southern and eastern Amurland, Ussuriland), north-eastern China (northern Heilongjiang south to north-eastern Hebei) and Korea.
sakhalinensis Buturlin, 1916 - Sakhalin I.
takatsukasai Momiyama, 1931 - South-central Kuril Is (Urup, Iturup).
clara Stejneger, 1887 - Southern Kurils (Kunashir, Shikotan) and northern Japan (Hokkaido).
hondoensis Buturlin, 1916 - Central and southern Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and northern Kyushu).
roseilia Bonaparte, 1850 - Extreme southern Japan (southern Kyushu).
bedfordi Ogilvie-Grant, 1909 - Cheju I, off southern Korea.
seorsa Portenko, 1955 - Northern and eastern Xinjiang (Altay region, in Altai Mts; Hami, in extreme eastern Tien Shan), in north-western China.
sinensis Verreaux, J, 1871 - Eastern China from southern Gansu east to Shanxi, Beijing and north-eastern Hebei, south to central Sichuan (to Wanyuan and western border of Red Basin), Guizhou, northern Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian.
The Reader's Digest Book of British Birds 1980, 3rd Edition, Drive Publications Ltd ISBN 0 340 25308 8
Birds in Colour Campbell, B., 1960, Penguin Books Ltd
The Pocket Guide to Nest and Eggs Fitter, R.S.R., 1954, Collins
RSPB Handbook of British Birds Holden, P., Cleeves, T., 2002, A & C Black ISBN 0 7136 5713 8
Birds of Britain and Europe Sterry, P., et al., 2001, AA Publishing ISBN 0 7495 3068 5
The Popular Handbook of British Birds Hollom, P.A.D., 1973, H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd ISBN 0 85493 002 7
BirdLife International Species Factsheet