Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
South-eastern Colombia (southern from Meta and Vaupés), southern Venezuela (Amazonas, southern Bolívar), Surinam and French Guiana south to Amazonian Brazil (south to northern Rondônia and south-western Pará), eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and north-western Bolivia (Pando, extreme north-western La Paz).
 
Population
Estimated population is unknown (2010).
Rufous-tailed Xenops (Microxenops milleri) [XC427590]
by Jerome Fischer from Abun\u00e3 - Transecto 10 - MD, Porto Velho-RO, Rond\u00f4nia, Brazil (canto)
Rufous-tailed Xenops (Microxenops milleri) [XC16744]
by Andrew Spencer from right bank medio Rio Jurua, near Bauana, Brazil (song)
Subspecies
No subspecies.
Formerly placed in monotypic genus Microxenops. Differs from current congeners in lacking laterally compressed, wedge-shaped bill, black in tail and pale malar mark, also in leg colour, but shares with them a conspicuous wingband.