Olive-backed Sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis) [XC619116]
by Fionn \u00d3 Marcaigh from Than Khok Maa, Vientiane Prefecture, Laos (call, song)
Olive-backed Sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis) [XC889914]
by Dave GUO from Wuyuanhe National Wetland Park, Haikou, Hainan, China (alarm call, call)
Nest
Long, oval-shaped, with a tail-piece, and a side-entrance protected by a hood, composed of bark-fiber, dried grasses and dead leaves, bound with cobweb, lined with fine grasses and plant-down, suspended from atwig of a small bush, often close to the ground. Sometimes attached to pieces of rope or wire hanging about houses.
Eggs (Guide)
2, rarely 3; smooth, lustrous green-grey to ash-white, covered with brown freckles, sometimes forming a band at the larger end; oval; about 17 x 12 mm. Incubation: about 13 - 16 days; by female.
Young
Altricial, nidicolous. Fledge in about 11 - 16 days.
Subspecies
Forms a superspecies with Apricot-breasted Sunbird (Cinnyris buettikoferi), and is possibly conspecific.
The following 22 subspecies are recognised:
flammaxillaris (Blyth, 1845) - Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina (except north) and northern Peninsular Malaysia (south to Penang and Kuantan); probably west to south-eastern Bangladesh.
rhizophorae (Swinhoe, 1869) - Southern China (southern Yunnan, Guanxi, Guangdong, Hainan I) and northern Vietnam.
andamanicus (Hume, 1873) - Andaman Is.
proselius Oberholser, 1923 - Northern Nicobar Is (Car Nicobar).
blanfordi (Stuart Baker, 1921) - Katchal and Kondol (Nicobars).
klossi (Richmond, 1902) - Nicobar Is (except Car Nicobar, Katchal and Kondol).
ornatus Lesson, R, 1827 - Central and southern Malay Peninsula (south of Penang and Kuantan), Sumatra and most satellites, Borneo, Java, Bali and Lesser Sundas (except Sumba, Timor and some small islands), probably also Tanimbar Is.
polyclystus Oberholser, 1912 - Enggano I, off western Sumatra.
jugularis (Linnaeus, 1766) - Philippine Is (except northern Luzon, south-western and Sulu Is).
aurora (Tweeddale, 1878) - South-western Philippines (Calauit, Busuanga, Culion, Dumaran, Palawan, Ursula, Balabac, Lumbucan), including islands in northern Sulu Sea (Agutaya, Cuyo, Cagayancillo).
woodi (Mearns, 1909) - Sulu Archipelago (Balukbaluk, Jolo, Dammai, Simaluc, Siasi, Tawi-Tawi, Sanga Sanga, Bongao, Papahag, Simunul, Manuk Manka, Sitanki, Omapoy, Sibutu, Tumindao, Saluag, Tres Islas), in southern Philippines.
plateni (Blasius, W, 1885) - Talaud Is, Sangihe I, Siau I, and Sulawesi (including Manadotua, Manterawu, Bangka, Togian Is and Salayar).
robustirostris (Mees, 1964) - Banggai Archipelago and Sula Is (off eastern Sulawesi).
infrenatus Hartert, 1903 - Butung, Hoga I and Tukangbesi Is, off south-eastern Sulawesi.
teysmanni Büttikofer, 1893 - Islands in Flores Sea (Tanahjampea, Kalao, Bonerate, Kalaotoa and Madu).
frenatus (Müller, S, 1843) - Northern Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Mare, Moti, Kayoa, Bacan, Obi and Gomumu, possibly also Bisa) east to New Guinea (except northern coastal region), Aru Is, D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago and north-eastern Australia (northern and eastern Queensland).
buruensis Hartert, 1910 - Buru, in southern Moluccas.
clementiae Lesson, R, 1827 - Boano, Seram, Ambon, Saparua, Nusa Laut and Watubela Is.
keiensis Stresemann, 1913 - Kai Is.
idenburgi Rand, 1940 - Northern New Guinea (R Mamberano system east to R Ramu drainage). Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Rand's Sunbird (Cinnyris idenburgi).
flavigastra (Gould, 1843) - Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Is.
The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia Pizzey, G., and Knight, E., 1997, Angus & Robertson, Sydney ISBN 0 207 19691 5
Field Guide to Australian Birds Morecombe, M., 2000, Steve Parish Publishing Pty Ltd. ISBN 1 876282 10 X
Field Guide to the Birds of Australia Simpson, K., and Day, N., 1999, 6th Edition, Viking ISBN 0 670 87918 5
Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds 1988, 2nd Edition, Reader's Digest ISBN 0 949819 99 9
What Bird is That? 1984, Revised Edition, Angus & Robertson, Sydney ISBN 0 207 14846 5
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds 1990 - , Oxford University Press, Melbourne ISBN 0 19 553244 9
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BirdLife International Species Factsheet