Mindanao Hornbill (Penelopides affinis) [XC496473]
by id from Dinagat Island, Philippines (call)
Mindanao Hornbill (Penelopides affinis) [XC69004]
by Mike Nelson from Mindanao; Zamboanga, Cabo Negro, Philippines (call)
Subspecies
Forms a superspecies with Visayan Hornbill (Penelopides panini), Luzon Hornbill (Penelopides manillae) and Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis), and all formerly considered conspecific. Sulawesi Hornbill (Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatus) also treated as conspecific by some authors. Subspecies samarensis sometimes treated as a separate species, but reasons for this unclear. Further study is required.
The following 3 subspecies are recognised:
samarensis Steere, 1890 - Philippines (Samar, Leyte, Calicoan and Bohol).
affinis Tweeddale, 1877 - Dinagat, Siargao and Mindanao.