Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) [XC270226]
by Andrea Lopera-Salazar from Reserva Ecol\u00f3gica de Guapi A\u00e7u (REGUA), RJ, Brazil (flight call)
Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) [XC816998]
by Cristian Pinto Fernandez from Estreito, Maranh\u00e3o Fazenda Monte pio, Brazil (call, song)
Subspecies
Based on proportions and vocalization, might comprise two species, with separation of cayennensis, incorporating lampronotus. However, intergradation known at one locality. Subspecies fretensis sometimes merged with nominate subspecies.
The following 4 subspecies are recognised:
cayennensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) - Northern South America, north of R Amazon.
lampronotus (Wagler, 1827) - R Amazon south through central, eastern and southern Brazil to northern Chile and northern Argentina.
chilensis (Molina, 1782) - Argentina and Chile south to Chiloé I and Comodoro Rivadavia.
fretensis (Brodkorb, 1934) - Southern Chile and southern Argentina.