Woodlark (Lullula arborea) [XC640771]
by Stanislas Wroza from Saint-Pierre, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9, France (call, flight call, calls while perched, then in flight)
Woodlark (Lullula arborea) [XC862877]
by Falco from Drenje \u0160\u010ditarjevsko, Op\u0107ina Velika Gorica, Zagreba\u010dka \u017eupanija, Estonia (call, song)
Nest
A deep depression in the ground, in a sheltered position, under a bush, lined with vegetation.
Eggs (Guide)
3 - 5; smooth, fairly glossy, olive-white spotted and blotched brown at the larger end. Incubation: about 14 days; by female.
Subspecies
Yellow-tinged (fresh plumage) birds from Romania described as subspecies flavescens and similar but marginally smaller ones from Crete as wettsteini, both regarded as indistinguishable from pallida.
The following 2 subspecies are recognised:
arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) - Breeds from southern Fennoscandia, southern Britain, France and northern Iberia east to western Russia, Ukraine, northern Italy and northern Balkans.
pallida Zarudny, 1902 - Southern Europe and north-western Africa eastern (including larger Mediterranean islands) to Turkey, Caucasus, Levant (south to northern Israel), Iran and south-western Turkmenistan.
The Reader's Digest Book of British Birds 1980, 3rd Edition, Drive Publications Ltd ISBN 0 340 25308 8
Birds in Colour Campbell, B., 1960, Penguin Books Ltd
The Pocket Guide to Nest and Eggs Fitter, R.S.R., 1954, Collins
RSPB Handbook of British Birds Holden, P., Cleeves, T., 2002, A & C Black ISBN 0 7136 5713 8
Birds of Britain and Europe Sterry, P., et al., 2001, AA Publishing ISBN 0 7495 3068 5
The Popular Handbook of British Birds Hollom, P.A.D., 1973, H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd ISBN 0 85493 002 7
BirdLife International Species Factsheet