Mindanao Hornbill (Penelopides affinis) [XC69003]
by Ding Li Yong from Mindanao; Zamboanga, Pasonanca Watershed Reserve, Cabonegro, Philippines (call)
Mindanao Hornbill (Penelopides affinis) [XC39850]
by George Wagner from PICOP, Bislig, Mindanao, Philippines (call, calls of single bird)
Subspecies
Forms a superspecies with Visayan Hornbill (Penelopides panini), Luzon Hornbill (Penelopides manillae) and Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis), and all formerly considered conspecific. Sulawesi Hornbill (Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatus) also treated as conspecific by some authors. Subspecies samarensis sometimes treated as a separate species, but reasons for this unclear. Further study is required.
The following 3 subspecies are recognised:
samarensis Steere, 1890 - Philippines (Samar, Leyte, Calicoan and Bohol).
affinis Tweeddale, 1877 - Dinagat, Siargao and Mindanao.