Southern Colombia (Serranía de Churumbelos, in eastern Cauca) and eastern Ecuador east to western and central Amazonian Brazil and south to south-eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.
 
Population
Estimated population is unknown (2010).
White-throated Woodpecker (Piculus leucolaemus) [XC3047]
by Andrew Spencer from Serran\u00eda Pil\u00f3n, Pil\u00f3n Lajas Biosphere Reserve, Beni, Bolivia (call)
White-throated Woodpecker (Piculus leucolaemus) [XC234492]
by Mitch Lysinger from Serra dos Caraj\u00e1s. Road to Salobo, Brazil (song)
Subspecies
May form a superspecies with Rufous-winged Woodpecker (Piculus simplex), Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker (Piculus callopterus) and Lita Woodpecker (Piculus litae) and all have often been treated as conspecific. Present species frequently lumped with Lita Woodpecker (Piculus litae), but differs significantly in plumage and possibly not even closely related. Depth of plumage coloration varies slightly, but with no obvious geographical pattern.