European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) [XC894563]
by id from Estu\u00e1rio do \u00c2ncora, Caminha, Viana do Castelo, Portugal (song)
European Goldfinch (Carduelis) [XC857618]
by Esperanza Poveda from Valle del Guadiato (near Villaviciosa de C\u00f3rdoba), C\u00f3rdoba, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain (begging call, call, flight call, song)
Breeding Season (Guide)
October - January, often later.
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Nest
Neat, cup-shaped and deep, composed of fibrous material and thickly lined with fluffy plant material, usually in outermost twigs of a fruit tree or a shrub from 2 - 8 meters above the ground.
Eggs (Guide)
3 - 6, usually 4 or 5; very pale bluish-white, spotted and scrawled reddish or purplish; oval; about 16 x 13 mm. Incubation: 12 - 13 days; by female.
Subspecies britannica was introduced in south-eastern Australia.
The following 16 subspecies are recognised:
britannica (Hartert, 1903) - British Is and north-western France east to western Netherlands. Non-breeding also south-western Europe and Morocco.
carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Southern Scandinavia and south-eastern Finland east to central Urals, south to central France, Italy, Slovenia, north-western Romania, Moldova, northern Ukraine and middle R Volga. Non-breeding central and southern Europe east to western Kazakhstan.
volgensis Buturlin, 1906 - Southern Ukraine, south-eastern European Russia and north-western Kazakhstan. Non-breeding south to north-eastern Romania.
frigoris Wolters, 1953 - South-western and south-central Siberia from eastern Urals east to R Yenisey, south to western Altai and northern and north-eastern Kazakhstan. Non-breeding south-western Russia and southern Urals south to southern Kazakhstan.
parva Tschusi, 1901 - Madeira and Canary Is, southern France, Iberia, Balearic Is, and Morocco east to northern Libya.
tschusii Arrigoni degli Oddi, 1902 - Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily.
balcanica Sachtleben, 1919 - Balkans south to Greece, Crete and north-western Turkey.
colchica Koudashev, 1915 - Crimea and northern Caucasus.
niediecki Reichenow, 1907 - Rhodes, and west, south-central and north-eastern Turkey east to southern Caucasus, also Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, south-western Iran, northern Egypt (Nile Delta and Nile Valley) and northern Iraq.
loudoni Zarudny, 1906 - Eastern Turkey, Azerbaijan and northern Iran. Winters south to southern Iran.
paropanisi Kollibay, 1910 - Western Turkmenistan and eastern Iran east to north, central and eastern Afghanistan, western Pamirs, Tien Shan, south-eastern Kazakhstan and north-western China (north-western Xinjiang). Non-breeding south-western Asia.
subulata (Gloger, 1833) - North-eastern Kazakhstan, south-central Russia (east to L Baikal) and north-western Mongolia. Non-breeding south-western and central Asia.
ultima Koelz, 1949 - Southern Iran (south-eastern Fars and Kerman).
caniceps Vigors, 1831 - Western and northern Pakistan (Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir and north-western Himalayas east to central Nepal and south-western China (south-western Xizang). Considered by some authors to be a distinct species, Eastern Goldfinch (Carduelis caniceps).
The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia Pizzey, G., and Knight, E., 1997, Angus & Robertson, Sydney ISBN 0 207 19691 5
Field Guide to Australian Birds Morecombe, M., 2000, Steve Parish Publishing Pty Ltd. ISBN 1 876282 10 X
Field Guide to the Birds of Australia Simpson, K., and Day, N., 1999, 6th Edition, Viking ISBN 0 670 87918 5
Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds 1988, 2nd Edition, Reader's Digest ISBN 0 949819 99 9
What Bird is That? 1984, Revised Edition, Angus & Robertson, Sydney ISBN 0 207 14846 5
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds 1990 - , Oxford University Press, Melbourne ISBN 0 19 553244 9
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