Subspecies
The following 14 subspecies are recognised:
cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Scandinavia east to north-western Russia (east to R Pechora), also central and south-western France, north-western Iberia, Corsica and Sardinia.
hibernicus Hartert, 1910 - Western Scotland (including Inner Hebrides) and Ireland.
gularis (Latham, 1801) - Scotland (except western), northern, central and western England and Wales.
aquaticus (Bechstein, 1797) - Central and southern Europe (Belgium and eastern France south to eastern and southern Iberia, Italy, Sicily and Greece).
rufiventris Tristram, 1885 - Lebanon and western Syria.
leucogaster Bonaparte, 1850 - South-central Russia (Altai Mts east to Transbaikalia) south to northern Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, north-western China (Tien Shan, western Kunlun Shan) and Mongolia.
cashmeriensis Gould, 1860 - Northern side of western and central Himalayas from northern Pakistan east to Sikkim.
przewalskii Bianchi, 1905 - Northern Bhutan and central China (southern Gansu and north-western Sichuan south to south-eastern and easten Xizang).
The Reader's Digest Book of British Birds 1980, 3rd Edition, Drive Publications Ltd ISBN 0 340 25308 8
Birds in Colour Campbell, B., 1960, Penguin Books Ltd
The Pocket Guide to Nest and Eggs Fitter, R.S.R., 1954, Collins
RSPB Handbook of British Birds Holden, P., Cleeves, T., 2002, A & C Black ISBN 0 7136 5713 8
Birds of Britain and Europe Sterry, P., et al., 2001, AA Publishing ISBN 0 7495 3068 5
The Popular Handbook of British Birds Hollom, P.A.D., 1973, H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd ISBN 0 85493 002 7
BirdLife International Species Factsheet